Is this coat warm enough for a Midwest winter?

For most cold days, yes. The 600-fill down and long hem handle temperatures around the teens. In sustained single digits or high wind, most people want a heavier parka.

How does tall sizing differ from regular?

Tall sizes add length in the sleeves and body, so the hem sits lower and cuffs reach the wrists. The shoulders and chest are cut close to the regular fit.

No. The nylon shell is water-resistant and wind-resistant, but it is not a waterproof membrane. Wet snow or rain will eventually soak through.

Can I machine wash it?

Yes, on a gentle cycle with down-safe detergent. Dry it low with dryer balls and break up clumps by hand until the loft returns.

Yes, it comes with an attached hood, though it is not adjustable or insulated like a technical parka hood.

How does it compare with a synthetic puffer?

Down gives more warmth per ounce and packs smaller, but synthetics keep warming when wet. If you walk in wet weather often, a synthetic fill may suit you better.