Is this projector bright enough for a simulator with the lights on?

Yes. At 5,000 ANSI lumens it is built to keep course graphics and ball data readable in a lit room, not just a dark one. Dimming the lights still gives the best contrast.

How close can it sit to the screen?

The 0.94–1.14 throw ratio means a large image from a short distance, so it can mount just in front of or above the enclosure. That keeps the golfer out of the beam and the shadow off the screen.

Do I ever need to replace a bulb?

No. It uses a laser light engine with no user-replaceable lamp, so there are no bulb changes and no gradual color fade from a worn lamp.

Does it include golf simulator software?

No. It is a display only. You still need simulator software and a launch monitor or sensor system to run the course and ball tracking.

How does it compare with a standard long-throw 4K projector?

The short throw ratio and high brightness are the differences that matter for golf. A long-throw model needs more room behind the golfer and often less brightness, but may cost less.

What connections does it have?

It offers HDMI inputs for a PC or launch monitor, plus the usual control and audio ports. Check the port list against your simulator PC before you mount it.